India-Pakistan Conflict
The India-Pakistan conflict is one of the longest-running geopolitical rivalries in modern history. Stemming from the partition of British India in 1947, the two nations have fought multiple wars and engaged in numerous military standoffs. This article explores the historical context, major conflicts, and ongoing tensions between these nuclear-armed neighbors.
Origins of the Conflict
The roots of the India-Pakistan conflict lie in the partition of British India in 1947, which created two independent dominions: India, with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan, with a Muslim majority. The hastily drawn borders by the Radcliffe Commission led to massive population transfers and violent riots, resulting in an estimated 1 million deaths.
Major Wars Between India and Pakistan
1947-48 War (First Kashmir War)
The first war broke out just weeks after independence over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The conflict ended in 1948 with the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC), dividing the region between India and Pakistan.
1965 War
The second major conflict began with Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir. The 17-day war ended with a UN-mandated ceasefire and the Tashkent Declaration.
1971 War
This war led to the creation of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan). India intervened in support of the Bangladesh liberation movement, resulting in Pakistan's surrender and the largest number of prisoners of war since World War II.
1999 Kargil Conflict
A limited war fought in the Kargil district of Kashmir when Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated positions on the Indian side of the LoC. India launched Operation Vijay to recapture the positions.
Ongoing Tensions and Nuclear Dimension
Both countries conducted nuclear tests in 1998 (India's Pokhran-II and Pakistan's Chagai-I), becoming nuclear powers. The Kashmir issue remains the primary flashpoint, with frequent ceasefire violations along the LoC and occasional terrorist attacks straining relations.
Notable crises include the 2001-02 military standoff following the Indian Parliament attack and the 2019 Balakot airstrike after the Pulwama attack. Diplomatic relations remain tense, with limited bilateral engagement.
Current Status and Future Prospects
Relations remain strained, with both countries maintaining large military presences along their borders. Confidence-building measures like the 2003 ceasefire agreement (frequently violated) and the Kartarpur Corridor for Sikh pilgrims offer some hope for improved relations.
International mediation efforts have had limited success, with both countries preferring bilateral resolution of issues. The conflict continues to impact regional stability in South Asia and remains one of the world's most dangerous nuclear flashpoints.